標(biāo)題：約翰遜：將你的農(nóng)場打造成生物安全堡壘
Johnson: Make your farm a biosecurity fortress
伊利諾伊州迦太基獸醫(yī)服務(wù)公司的臨床獸醫(yī)博士（DVM）克萊頓?約翰遜（Clayton Johnson）在接受《今日豬健康》（Pig Health Today）采訪時說，從洗欄人員到農(nóng)場主，參與豬肉生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的每個人對保障農(nóng)場安全、安心都起著至關(guān)重要的作用。談及生物安全，約翰遜把農(nóng)場比作堡壘。堡壘入口受限，有助于控制進出的人和物，因此以之比作豬場，十分合適。
From the person doing the power washing to the owner of the farm business, everyone involved in a pork-production system plays a vital role in keeping the operation safe and secure, Clayton Johnson, DVM, with Carthage Veterinary Services in Carthage, Illinois, told Pig Health Today. When he thinks about biosecurity, Johnson compares a farm to a fortress. A fortress has limited points of entry, which help control who or what goes in and out, so it’s a good analogy to use for pork operations.
限制入口是確保良好生物安全得以實施的首要關(guān)鍵步驟。
Limiting the points of entry is the first critical step in making sure an operation is practicing good biosecurity.
下一步，設(shè)置屏障，將“壞人”拒之門外，對豬場而言，這包括許多病原。如果細菌、病毒或寄生蟲能沖破農(nóng)場屏障，這會削弱豬場對它們的防控能力，特別是諸如非洲豬瘟或新型豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征（PRRS）等病毒。
Next is putting barriers in place to keep “the bad guys” out, which in the case of hog farms includes a number of pathogens. If bacteria, viruses or parasites are able to overcome a farm’s barriers, the ability to manage them is compromised, particularly for viruses like African swine fever or new strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS).
約翰遜說：“這些病原讓我們聞風(fēng)喪膽，一旦它們進場，我們無法牽制它們，所以我們必須把它們擋在外面。農(nóng)場無法像堡壘一樣在周圍修建45英尺高的石墻，但我們可以限制入口，部署資源配置，就像堡壘布陣排兵一樣。把兵力部署在擊敵要塞。這與我們的生物安全工作如出一轍。我們部署消毒能力……我們將它們安置在入口，根據(jù)農(nóng)場面臨的風(fēng)險因素，各自發(fā)揮作用?！?/span>
“We’re scared to death of those things because once they get inside our walls we don’t really have a good ability to contain them, so we have to keep them out,” Johnson said.“We can’t build 45-foot stone walls around our farms like we can a fortress. But we can limit the entry areas and define specific plans for how we’re going to deploy our resources, just like when a fortress deploys soldiers,” he added. “We’d put them at certain areas where they can shoot down the enemy. That’s generally the same thing we’re doing with biosecurity. We’re deploying our disinfection capabilities…and we’re putting those at the limited points of entry with specific assignments for how to use them, based on the risk factor that’s coming onto the farm.”
冗余不是壞事
Redundancy is not a bad thing
約翰遜說，生物安全計劃需要存在一定的冗余，重疊操作以確保萬無一失。
Johnson said it’s important that biosecurity programs are redundant, meaning practices need to overlap to ensure coverage.
“我們采用雙保險。只要物品潔凈并有足夠的接觸時間，正確稀釋，化學(xué)消毒劑對大多數(shù)我們擔(dān)憂的病原都非常有效。”
“We have a belt-and-suspenders approach. Chemical disinfectants for most pathogens of concern will be very effective as long as that item is clean and disinfected completely, including the right contact time and the right dilution.”
由人主導(dǎo)的過程通常是某個人的工作，但人會犯錯。
This human-led process is usually someone’s job, but people make mistakes.
他解釋道：“因此需要雙保險。準(zhǔn)備備案，各方案獨立運行?！?/p>
“That’s where the belt-and-suspenders approach comes in,” he explained. “You have a backup plan, and each of the plans should work independently.”
時間、溫度、pH和紫外線
Time, temperature, pH and ultraviolet light
約翰遜指出，停滯時間是關(guān)鍵，無論是針對進場人員，還是高風(fēng)險飼料成分。除了停滯時間，也需要溫度輔助干燥卡車和運豬車。
Downtime is key, Johnson noted, whether that’s downtime for people coming into a farm or downtime for high-risk feed ingredients. Along with downtime, temperature is important to assist in drying trucks and trailers.
“生產(chǎn)者也可調(diào)試pH值。病毒通常對極低或極高的pH不耐受。我們可針對特定病原，制定改變環(huán)境pH的方案，來提高消毒能力。”
“Producers can also manipulate pH. Viruses are typically susceptible to really low or high pH,” he said. “We can come up with pathogen-specific programs to alter the pH in an environment and improve our ability to disinfect.”
紫外線（UV）在生物安全中也占有一席之地，但約翰遜告誡道紫外線室有局限性。距離紫外線光源的遠近和紫外線室內(nèi)的溫度對紫外線的消毒效果影響很大。
Ultraviolet (UV) light plays a biosecurity role as well, but Johnson cautioned that UV chambers have limitations. Distance from the UV light source and temperature within the UV chamber can have a big impact on the disinfectant efficacy of UV light.
“我給養(yǎng)殖者最重要的建議就是保持一致性，”約翰遜說?！帮L(fēng)險因素各懷鬼胎，需要我們持之以恒地投入。”
“Consistency is the most important tip that I would give producers,” Johnson said. “Each of those risk factors is going to have its own plan, and the investment level needs to be consistent.”
生物安全是一系列計劃
Biosecurity is a series of plans
約翰遜解釋說，生物安全不是一刀切式的計劃。例如，人員、物資和運輸資產(chǎn)都將以不同方式進場。
Biosecurity isn’t a one-size-fits-all program, Johnson explained. For example, people, supplies and transport assets will enter a production facility in different ways.
“每個風(fēng)險因素都是獨一無二的。就好比堡壘內(nèi)攻守兩方勢力爭斗。如果我們要準(zhǔn)備進行一場海戰(zhàn)，那這跟準(zhǔn)備陸戰(zhàn)或者空戰(zhàn)肯定不同。對待病原體也是一樣。我們必須有的放矢，合理配置資源，打造最佳防御。”
“Each risk factor is unique,” he said. “Think about the good-guy/bad-guy comparison with the fortress. If we’re going to have a naval attack we have to be prepared to defend against that differently than a land attack or an air attack. It’s the same approach with pathogens. We have to set up our defenses to be appropriate for where we think the attack is going to be and leverage resources that have the best defense capabilities.”
人人有責(zé)
Culture of accountability
每次約翰遜進行生物安全審計或調(diào)查時，他都將不足之處歸責(zé)為“他們”。
Every time Johnson does a biosecurity audit or investigation, he can pin the bad things that happen down to “they.”
約翰遜說：“我從未發(fā)現(xiàn)過‘他們’究竟是誰，但‘他們’違反了太多的生物安全規(guī)則。與我溝通的人則謹遵規(guī)則。
“I’ve never found who ‘they’ are, but ‘they’ break every biosecurity rule in the world,” Johnson said. “The people I talk to don’t break any of them.
“只要在場里，這就是我們共擔(dān)的問題，當(dāng)PRRS新毒株導(dǎo)致場內(nèi)疾病暴發(fā)時，沒有人會進場幫忙拖出死亡母豬。我們必須營造一種人人有責(zé)的氛圍，假設(shè)回收死豬的卡車司機或者運輸待宰母豬的司機有任何差池，豬場因疾病暴發(fā)出現(xiàn)死亡、流產(chǎn)和其它問題，是不會有外人來幫助豬場度過難關(guān)的。”
“On the farm it’s our problem,” he continued. “Nobody is going to come to the farm when we break with a new PRRS virus and help drag out the dead sows. If the rendering-truck driver is doing something wrong or the cull-sow truck driver is doing something wrong, we have to create that culture of accountability, because nobody is coming to help the farm manage through the mortality, abortions and other challenges that happen with a disease outbreak.”
路漫漫其修遠兮
Long-term process
討論生物安全常讓人眉頭深鎖，郁郁寡歡，但約翰遜總結(jié)時滿懷希望，表現(xiàn)樂觀。
Biosecurity too often feels like a discussion of gloom and doom, but Johnson concluded with hope and optimism.
他說：“我們擁有預(yù)防疾病傳播到我國以及在農(nóng)場之間傳播所需的所有工具和技術(shù)。我們絕對可以防住疾病，如疾病發(fā)生，我們也絕對知道如何消除它。”
“We have all the tools and technologies we need to prevent disease transmission, not only into our country but from farm to farm,” he said. “We absolutely can prevent disease, and where there is disease, we absolutely know how to eliminate it.”
他不想給人一種生物安全很簡單的錯覺，但這是可以做到的，而且養(yǎng)殖者有能力做好。
He didn’t want to give a false sense of security that the process is easy, but it can be done, and producers have the capabilities to succeed in their biosecurity efforts.
約翰遜說：“這是一個長期的過程，是一場永無止境的戰(zhàn)斗……敵人將繼續(xù)從不同戰(zhàn)線向我們進攻。但同時我們對生物安全的投入也會產(chǎn)生良好的回報。此戰(zhàn)值得打，你會成功的。”
“This is a long-term process, and it’s a never-ending battle…because the enemy will continue to come at us from different fronts. But in time, our investments in biosecurity should yield good returns,” Johnson said. “The fight is worth fighting, and you can be successful.”
原文鏈接：https://pighealthtoday.com/johnson-make-your-farm-a-biosecurity-fortress/
